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  1. References and further reading

References and further reading

Australian Electoral Commission, ‘Electoral Backgrounder: Electoral Communications and Authorization Requirements’, 23 April 2019, , accessed 10 October 2018

—, ‘How the Senate result is determined’, , accessed 11 October 2018

Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, ‘The Protective Security Policy Framework’, [n.d.], , accessed 10 October 2018

Australian Government Cyber Security Centre, ‘Information Security Manual’, [n.d.], , accessed 10 October 2018

Australian Government Department of Home Affairs, Cyber Security Strategy (Commonwealth of Australia, 2016), , accessed 10 October 2018

Australian Government, International Cyber Engagement Strategy (2017), , accessed 10 October 2018

Bay, S. and Šnore, G., Protecting Elections: A Strategic Communications Approach (Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 2019), , accessed 23 May 2019

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, The Cybersecurity Campaign Playbook, Defending Digital Democracy, 20 November 2018a, , accessed 21 August 2017

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, NDI and IRI, The Cybersecurity Campaign Playbook, European Edition, November 2018b, , accessed 21 August 2017

Canada Government Communications and Security Establishment (CSE), Cyber Threats to Canada’s Democratic Process, 2017, , accessed 8 May 2018

—, 2019 Update: Cyber Threats to Canada’s Democratic Process, 2019, https://cyber.gc.ca/sites/default/files/publications/tdp-2019-report_e.pdf, accessed 16 April 2019

DefCon, DEFCON 25 Voting Machine Hacking Village Report on Cyber Vulnerabilities in U.S. Election Equipment, Databases, and Infrastructure, September 2017, <https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-25/DEF%20CON%2025%20voting%20village%20report.pdf, accessed 16 October 2018

—, DEFCON 26 Voting Machine Hacking Village Report on Cyber Vulnerabilities in U.S. Election Equipment, Databases, and Infrastructure, September 2018, https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon 26/DEF%20CON%2026%20voting%20village%20report.pdf, accessed 16 October 2018

Elections Canada, ‘Roles and Responsibilities of Government Agencies and Elections Canada’, [n.d.], http://www.elections.ca/content.aspxsection=vot&dir=bkg/sec&document=legal&lang=e, accessed 6 February 2019

European Commission (EC), Election Interference in the Digital Age, Building Resilience to Cyber-enabled Threats (Brussels: EC, 2018a), https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/publications/other-publications/election-interferencedigital-age_en, accessed 9 November 2018 —,

Recommendation on Election Cooperation Networks, Online Transparency, Protection against Cybersecurity Incidents And Fighting Disinformation Campaigns in the Context of Elections to the European Parliament (Brussels: EC, 2018b), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/soteu2018-cybersecurity-elections-recommendation-5949_en.pdf, accessed 6 November 2018

—, Action Plan on disinformation: Commission contribution to the European Council (Brussels: EC, 2018c), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ publications/action-plan-disinformation-commission-contributioneuropean-council-13-14-december-2018_en, accessed 17 June 2019

—, Code of Practice on Disinformation (Brussels: EC, 2018d), <https:// ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/code-practice-disinformation>, accessed 17 June 2019

—, EU Member States Test their Cybersecurity Preparedness for Fair and Free 2019 EU Elections (Brussels: EC, 2019), Press Release, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-2011_en.htm, accessed 5 April 2019

European Union, Directive on Critical Information Systems (Brussels: EU, 2016), https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/network-and-informationsecurity-nis-directive, accessed 6 November 2018

—, Code of Practice on Disinformation (Brussels: EU, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=54454, accessed 9 November 2018

Financial Review, ‘Australian Electoral Commission strengthens defenses against foreign hacking’, 30 April 2018, https://www.afr.com/news/australianelectoral-commission-strengthens-defences-against-foreignhacking-20180430-h0zfzz, accessed 10 October 2018

Finland Prime Minister’s Office, ‘Central Government Communications Guidelines’, (Helsinki: Finland Prime Minister’s Office, 2016), https://vnk.fi/en/central-government-communications-guidelines, accessed 10 October 2018

G7, ‘Commitment on Defending Democracy from Foreign Threats’ (Charlevoix: G7, 2018), https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000373846.pdf, accessed 20 June 2018

The Guardian, ‘Electoral watchdog powerless to crack down on offshore political ads targeting Australians’, 24 July 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jul/24/australian-watchdog-unable-to-enforce-politicaladvertising-law-over-offshore-sites, accessed 11 October 2018

Hicks, T., ‘Defending and recovering American election systems’, Brown Journal of World Affairs, 24/2 (2018), http://bjwa.brown.edu/24-2/defending-andrecovering-american-election-systems/, accessed 20 June 2019

INE, Twitter–Instituto Nacional Electoral Memorandum of Cooperation, 11 June 2018, http://centralelectoral.ine.mx/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/ Memorandum-de-Entendimiento-con-Twitter.pdf, accessed 6 November 2018

International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), Social Media, Disinformation and Electoral Integrity (IFES 2019), white paper, forthcoming, https://www.ifes.org

IP-Watch, ‘A Digital Geneva Convention: Nobel Prize-Worthy or Dangerous?’, 19 December 2017, http://www.ip-watch.org/2017/12/19/digital-genevaconvention-nobel-prize-worthy-dangerous/, accessed 10 October 2018

Microsoft Policy Papers, A Digital Geneva Convention to Protect Cyberspace (Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2017), https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cybersecurity/content-hub/a-digital-geneva-convention-to-protectcyberspace, accessed 8 May 2018

NIS Cooperation Group, Compendium on Cyber Security of Election Technology (CG Publication: 2018), http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2018-30/election_security_compendium_00BE09F9-D2BE-5D69-9E39C5A9C81C290F_53645.pdf, accessed 11 October 2018

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR), International Election Observation Mission North Macedonia, Presidential Election, April 2019, https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/north-macedonia/417818? download=true, accessed 23 May 2019

Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Status Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, March 2019, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/reportjnt/024259/toc_pdf/ Statusreport.pdf, accessed 14 April 2019

Past, L., ‘All elections are hackable: scalable lessons from secure i-voting and global election hacks’, European Cyber Security Journal, 3/3 (2017), pp. 34–47, https://www.ria.ee/public/RIA/ECJ_Volume3.Issue3_Extract_ PAST.PDF, accessed 8 May 2018

Poynter Institute, A Guide to Anti-misinformation Actions around the World (2018), https://www.poynter.org/news/guide-anti-misinformation-actionsaround-world, accessed 8 May 2018

Republic of Estonia, ‘Information System Authority’, [n.d.], https://www.ria.ee/en.html, accessed 11 October 2018

United States Department of Homeland Security, National Cyber Incident Response Plan (Washington, DC: DHS, 2016), https://www.us-cert.gov/ sites/default/files/ncirp/National_Cyber_Incident_Response_Plan.pdf, accessed 11 November 2018

United States Electoral Assistance Commission (EAC), Election Security Preparedness, [n.d.], https://www.eac.gov/election-officials/electionsecurity-preparedness/, accessed 11 November 2018

—, ‘Election Security Video’, https://www.eac.gov/electionsecurity/, accessed 11 November 2018

—, **Starting Point: U.S. Election Systems as Critical Infrastructure (Silver Springs, MD: USEAC, 2017), https://www.eac.gov/assets/1/6/ starting_point_us_election_systems_as_Critical_Infrastructure.pdf, accessed 8 May 2018

El Universal, Facebook – Instituto Nacional Electoral Memorandum of Cooperation, 2018, http://interactivo.eluniversal.com.mx/graficos/online/pdf-18/convenio-facebook.pdf, accessed 6 November 2018

Verificado, Noticias Falsas (2018), https://verificado.mx/categoria/noticiasfalsas, accessed 15 April 2019.

Wolf, P., Cybersecurity and Elections: An International IDEA Round-table Summary (The Hague: International IDEA, 2017), https://www.idea.int/newsmedia/news/cybersecurity-and-elections-international-idea-round-tablesummary, accessed 8 May 2018


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